Armstrong, Thomas. Many Kinds of Minds: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Chapter 1 in: Seven (7) Kinds of Smart. New York: Penguin Books, 1993: 007-025, 19 pages (BF 431).
  Seven intelligences are introduced: Linguistic, Logical mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily kinesthetic, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal. The chapter includes a checklist for the reader to assess their use of the seven intelligences. The following chapters describe each in more detail under the headings of Word smart, Picture smart, Music smart, Body smart, Logic smart, People smart, and Self smart. Except for Word and Logic smarts, these categories offer more space for the expression of the intuitive mode of knowing.


Baron, Jonathan. What is Thinking? Chapter 1 in: Thinking and Deciding. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1988: 003-015, 13 pages (BF 441).
  Types of thinking (Making decisions, Forming beliefs, Choosing personal goals), The search - inference framework (Possibilities, Goals, Evidence), Thinking about beliefs (Diagnosis, Scientific thinking, Reflection, Insight problems, Prediction, Behavioral learning, Learning from observation), How do search processes work? Conclusion.
___. The Study of Thinking. Chapter 2 in: Ibid.: 016-027, 12 pages
  Descriptive, normative, and prescriptive, Development of descriptive models (Process tracing, Methods based on conclusions, Computer models and artificial intelligence), Development of normative models, Development of prescriptive models. Conclusion. A scientist cannot "discover" what good thinking is. This is still a matter of philosophy and design.
___. Good Thinking: The Nature of Rationality. Chapter 3 in: Ibid.: 028-042, 15 pages
  A normative view, Toward a prescriptive model, Rationality (Meaning of rationality, Rationality and luck, Objections to rationality), Rationality and belief (Rational belief formation, Self deception), Are people ever really irrational? Conclusion. All the ideas in this book follow from the premise that the primary purpose of thinking is to achieve our goals.
___. The Teaching of Thinking and Decision Making. Chapter 22 in: Ibid.: 461-483, 23 pages
  What can be taught (Heuristics, Standards and beliefs, Goals), Transfer of learning, The design of teaching methods (Tutorial method, Thinking assignments), Teaching decision making, Teaching moral thinking, Teaching thinking versus teaching content, Conclusion. Individuals can affect the quality of thinking through the judgments we make about each other: Do we prefer friends who are open minded and intellectually playful, or do we tolerate friends who are stubborn know it alls?


Blakeslee, Thomas R. The "Unconscious Mind" - Discovered. Chapter 2 in Part 1 The Right Brain Revolution in: The Right Brain: A New Understanding of the Unconscious Mind and Its Creative Powers. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1980: 020-036, 17 pages (BF 455).
  Intuition, The right brain as "unconscious mind," Two minds - two personalities, Dreams and the right brain, Is the unconscious mind really conscious? Intuition is a catch - all word for thinking processes that we can't verbally explain. It is obvious we are referring to right brain function. Intuitive judgments are not arrived at step by step, but in an instant. They typically take into consideration a large mass of data in parallel.


de Bono, Edward. New Think: The Use of Lateral Thinking in the Generation of New Ideas. New York: Basic Books, 1968: 001-160, 160 pages (BF 455).
  Vertical (High probability, straight ahead) and lateral (Low probability, sideways) thinking (LT), Making of ideas (Not through sheer vertical effort), Dominance (Polarizing effect of dominant ideas), Arbitrariness (Visual exercise), Different approaches (Deliberate search), Arrogance (Prevents new ideas), Chance (Generate new ideas), In use (Illustration s), Without LT (Disadvantages of doing without), Application (Exploitation of LT), Summary.


Fontana, David. The Secret Language of Symbols: A Visual Key to Symbols and Their Meanings. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1994: 001-185, 185 pages (BF 458).
  Symbols are profound expressions of human nature. They have occurred in all cultures at all times, and from their first appearance in Paleolithic cave paintings they have accompanied the development of civilization. However, symbols are more than just cultural artefacts: in their correct context, they still speak powerfully to us, simultaneously addressing our intellect, emotions and spirit.


Gardner, Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books, 1983: 001-394, 3 94 pages (BF 431).
  Background (Idea of multiple intelligences, Intelligence: earlier views, Biological foundations of intelligence, What is an intelligence?), The Theory (Linguistic, Musical, Logical mathematical, Spatial, Bodily kinesthetic, Personal, Critique of the theory, Socialization of human intelligences through symbols), Implications and applications (Education of intelligences, Applications of intelligences).
___. A Critique of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Chapter 11 in: Ibid.: 277-298, 22 pages
  Introduction, Related theories, Psychological constructs not addressed, Higher level cognitive operations (Common sense (Ability to deal with problems in an intuitive manner), Originality (Skill in fashioning a novel yet worthy product), Metaphorical capacity (To integrate diverse intelligences), Wisdom (General synthesizing power), Sense of self revisited (Second order ability which presides over the other intelligences), Disconfirming the theory, Conclusion.


Hampden-Turner, Charles. Maps of the Mind: Charts and Concepts of the Mind and its Labyrinths. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1981: 001-219, 219 pages (BF 431).
  Briefly describes 60 maps of the mind organized into 9 levels: Maps historical and religious, Psychoanalytic and existential maps, The physiology of brain functioning, The creative mind, Psychosocial development, Communication, language and symbolism, Cybernetics and psychobiology, The paradigmatic mind, The structure of myth.


Hogarth, Robin M. The Nature of Human Judgement. Chapter 1 in: Judgement and Choice. 2nd ed. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1987: 001-011, 11 pages (BF 448).
  The bases of judgement (Limited information processing capacity, The meaning of information, The context of judgement), Summary. Two kinds of judgement are involved in choice: evaluations and predictions, i.e. judgements of preference and belief. Intuitive judgemental processes are no longer adequate to deal with the modern world. It is incumbent upon decision makers to examine their judgemental processes.
___. Creativity, Imagination, and Choice. Chapter 8 in: Ibid.: 153-176, 24 pages
  Creativity and the creative (Introspection, Campbell's method, Creativity and casual thinking, Distinguishing the creative), Conditions affecting creativity, Creativity techniques, Summary and implications. Barriers at different stages of problem solving and creativity: 1) preparation (perceptual sets), 2) production (constraints, fear, conservatism, norms), 3) evaluation (too quick, satisficing), 4) implementation (fear, social norms).
___. Problem Structuring and Decision Aids. Chapter 9 in: Ibid.: 177-203, 27 pages
  A decision analysis framework 1) structuring the problem, 2) assessing consequences, 3) assessing uncertainties, 4) evaluating alternatives, 5) sensitivity analysis, 6) information gathering, 7) choice), Decision aids ( Structuring the problem, Assessing consequences, Assessing uncertainties, Repetitive predictions, Delphi and other methods, Rules of thumb, Aids for other steps), Concluding remarks.


Jung, Carl G. A Study in the Process of Individuation. Chapter in: Mandala Symbolism. Translated by R. F. C. Hull. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1969: 006-070, 65 pages (BF 458).
  An attempt to make the inner process of the mandala more intelligible. They are self delineations of changes going on in the background, which are rendered visible even though they are uncomprehended and unknown. The pictures (24 full color plates) are an ideogram of unconscious contents. The mandala symbol is one of the best examples of the universal operation of an archetype.
___. Concerning Mandala Symbolism. Ibid.: 071-100, 30 pages
  Mandalas are a transconscious disposition in individuals to produce the same or very similar symbols at all times and in all places. They are yantras or instruments of meditation, concentration, and self immersion, for the purpose o f realizing inner experience. Mandalas produce an inner order. They express the idea of a safe refuge, of inner reconciliation and wholeness. (54 figures).


Newel l, Allen, and Simon, Herbert A. Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972: 001-889, 889 pages (BF 441).
  Introduction, Preliminaries (Information processing systems, Task environments, Problem solving), Cryptarithmetic (Task analysis, Behavior of a single subject on DONALD + GERALD = ROBERT, A broader view), Logic (Task analysis, GPS and human behavior, A broader view), Chess (Task analysis, Behavior of a single subject, A broader view), The theory of human problem solving, Epilogue, Historical addendum.
___. Introduction. Chapter 1 in Part 1 Preliminaries in: Ibid.: 001-013, 13 pages
  The book's focus, Information processing theory, The shape of the theory (A process theory, A theory of the individual, A content oriented theory, A dynamically oriented theory, An empirical, not experimental theory, A nonstatistical theory, Sufficiency analysis). "Insight" and "incubation" are mentioned as isolated thinking phenomena in the Epilogue of this 900 page book.
___. Problem Solving. Chapter 4 in Part 1 Preliminaries in: Ibid.: 087-140, 54 pages
  Overview (Representation, Method s, Difficulty, The recognition method, The generate and test method, Heuristic search), The logic theorist (LT): an example (The task, British museum algorithm, Performance of the LT, LT's structure, Matching process, Abstraction in LT: similarity and descriptions, Processing effort in the LT, Learning: heuristic use of experience), Conclusion.
___. The Theory of Human Problem Solving. Chapter 14 in Part 5 The Theory in: Ibid.: 787-868, 82 pages
  Fundamental characteristics of the information processing system, The problem space, Task environment and problem space, Methods and programs. Determination of individual problem spaces and programs, Summary.


Schaubroeck, John, and Muralidhar, Krishnamurty. A Meta Analysis of the Relative Effects of Tabular and Graphic Display Formats on Decision Making Performance. Human Performance. 1991; 4 (2): 127-145, 19 pages (BF 481).
  The results of 21 between subjects experiments assessing the relative effects of tabular and graphic formats of data presentation on decision making accuracy were quantitatively reviewed using the meta analysis procedure. Sampling error and differential range restriction accounted for variability in the average differences between tabular and graphic presentations, and there was no difference in the effects of the two presentation formats. These results counter recent assertions that task complexity moderates the effect of presentation format.


Wallas, Graham. The Art of Thought. London: Jonathan Cape, 1924: 001-300, 300 pages (BF 455).
  Psychology and thought, Consciousness and will, Thought before art , Stages of control, Thought and emotion, Thought and habit, Effort and energy, Types of thought, Dissociation of consciousness, The thinker at school, Public education, Teaching and doing.
___. Stages of Control. Chapter 4 in: Ibid.: 079-107, 29 pages
  Four stages of thought are preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. In preparation we adopt a problem attitude while in verification we follow rules to substantiate the finding. In incubation we think about something else or rest from any form of conscious thought. Illumination consists of the fringe conscious psychological events which precede and accompany the flash of illumination called intimation.
___. Dissociation of Consciousness. Chapter 9 in: Ibid.: 204-227, 24 pages
  An ancient method for producing hypnotic trance is the monotonous repetition of nervous stimuli. A slight degree of dissociation may assist some of the higher thought processes. But the best intellectual work is not done in a condition of serious dissociation. Dissociation often produces intense intellectual conviction. But there is the problem of the validity of thought produced by these methods.



Yates, J. Frank. An Overview. Chapter 1 in: Judgment and Decision Making. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1990: 001-013, 13 pages (BF 447).
  Decisions (The decision concept, Decision types (Choices, Evaluations, Constructions, Relationships among the decision types)), Aims, Emphases, Plan Some suggestions, Summary. Special emphasis is place on one of the most significant contributors to decision behavior judgment. Shortcomings in judgments are a prime example of decision errors, which are specific behaviors that are responsible for failed decisions.
___. Personal Representations: Their Character. Chapter 12 in: Ibid.: 331-351, 21 pages
  Scope (Size: aspects of the alternatives, Size: the alternatives themselves, Selectivity: concreteness, Selectivity: projection in time, Nondecisions), Nature of the elements (Coarseness, Gain versus loss encoding, Affective versus cognitive encoding), Connections among the elements (Disjointedness, Structuredness, A consensus view). Decisions are made in two broad phases; 1) construction of a personal representation of the decision situation and 2) combine the considerations in that representation to arrive at a decision.
___. Personal Representations: Their Contents and Moderation. Chapter 13 in: Ibid.: 353-382, 30 pages
  Representations and the cognitive system, Extraneous representation elements (Justifiability, Wastefulness, Fairness, Regret and elation), Factors that moderate representations (Framing, Physical displays, Computerized decision aids, The task: choice versus evaluation, Creativity aids, Experience and expertise, Stress).
Browse Index Search Next Shelf