Bohm, David, and Peat, F. David. Science, Order, and Creativity. New York: Bantam Books, 1987: 001-271, 271 pages (Q 175).
  Introduction, Revolutions, theories, and creativity in science, Science as creative perception communication, What is order? The generative order and the implicate order, Generative order in science, society, and consciousness, Creativity in the whole of life.
___. Revolutions, Theories, and Creativity in Science. Chapter 1 in: Ibid.: 015-062, 48 pages.
  Fragmentation and change in science, Novelty and conservation in scientific theories, Creativity and metaphors. Hamilton Jacobi theory, Similarities and differences: Heisenberg's and Schrodinger's approaches to the quantum theory, Thought as play, The high cost of paradigms - An alternative view of science as fundamentally creative, Free play and Popper's notion of falsifiability, Summary and outlook.
___. The Generative Order and the Implicate Order. Chapter 4 in: Ibid.: 151-191, 41 pages.
  Fractal order, Generative order, Fourier analysis, Goethe's urpflanze, Orders in art, The implicate or enfolded order, The superimplicate order, The relationship between the implicate order and the generative order, The implicate order and consciousness, The explicate and sequential limits of the implicate and generative orders, Summary and conclusions.
___. Generative Order in Science, Society, and Consciousness. Chapter 5 in: Ibid.: 192-228, 37 pages.
  Generative order in physics and in cosmology, The generative order of life and its evolution, The generative order in society, Consciousness and matter, Awareness and attention, Creative intelligence, The brain and artificial intelligence, Creative intelligence, time, and the timeless order Summary and conclusions.
___. Creativity in the Whole of Life. Chapter 6 in: Science, Order, and Creativity. New York: Bantam Books, 1987: 229-271, 43 pages.
  Creativity and what blocks it, Blocks to creativity in the generative order of society, Dialogue and culture, The individual, the social, and the cosmic dimension of the human being, The responses of East and West to the conditioning of consciousness, Creativity in science, art, and religion, A new order of creativity, Summary and outlook.


Bohm, David. Creativity, Natural Philosophy and Science. San Francisco: New Dimensions Radio, 1991: Audio recording #2071, 60 minutes (Q 175).
  One of the foremost theoretical physicists in the world tells why science has become specialized and fragmented at the cost of its soul. He describes his theory of the implicate order and goes on to explore its implications for human consciousness. Thought is based in memory, and true creativity depends on getting beyond a thought process dependent on memory.


Briggs, John, and Peat, F. David. Turbulent Mirror: An Illustrated Guide to Chaos Theory and the Science of Wholeness. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1989: 001-204, 204 pages (Q 172).
  Foreward, Order to chaos (An ancient tension, Attractors and reading maps, Turbulence, That strange attractor, Doubling route too strange, Iterative magic), The mirror (On both sides/Sides both on), Chaos to order (The great wave, Time's arrow, Feedback's triumphs, Quantum roots to strange, Tension forever new), Foreward.
___. Foreword. In: Ibid.: 013-015, 3 pages.
  In a few short years the old spell separating the world of chaos from the world of order has seemed to dissolve, and science has found itself in the midst of an invasion. It is a modern resurgence of the ancient sense of harmony between order and chaos. It is giving substance to the usually vague term 'wholeness' that the science of chaos and change is forging a revolution in our perspective.
___. On Both Sides/Sides Both On. Chapter 0 in Part 2 The Mirror in: Ibid.: 083-112, 30 pages.
  Reductionism (world is an assemblage of parts) has been supported by mathematical techniques which quantify reality. When scientists begin to study complex systems, the notion of parts begins to break down so that quantification becomes impossible. To study dynamical systems, scientists turn to qualitative mathematics which shows the shape of a system's movement as a whole.
___. Foreword. In: Ibid.: 201-203, 3 pages.
  Pursuit of reductionism into the heart of the atom has liberated insights into its limits. But most scientists carry out reductionist programs as if nothing has happened. Against this trend, the young science of chaos, wholeness, and change insists on the interrelationships of things, an awareness of the essential unpredictableness of nature, and of the uncertainties in our science.


Bunge, Mario. Intuition and Science. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1962: 001-142, 142 pages (Q 175).
  Philosophical intuitionism (From Aristotle to Kant, Contemporary intuitionism, A balance sheet), Mathematical intuitionism (Sources, Main theses, Pros and cons), The scientist's intuitions (Kinds of intuition, A further look at some varieties of intellectual intuition, Intuition: an undependable embryo), Conclusions.
___. Philosophical Intuitionism. Chapter 1 in: Ibid.: 001-028, 28 pages.
  From Aristotle to Kant (Roots of Aristotelian intuitionism, Descartes' rational intuition, Spinoza's intuitive science, Kant's pure intuition), Contemporary intuitionism (Dilthey's "verstehen," Bergson's "metaphysical intuition," Husserl's "wesensschau," Intuition of values and norms), A balance sheet.
___. Mathematical Intuitionism. Chapter 2 in: Ibid.: 029-066, 38 pages.
  Sources (Mathematical and philosophical roots, Brouwer and Kant), Main theses (Status of logic and mathematics, The intuitionist thesis of mathematical intuitionism, The principle of constructivity, The excluded middle, Mathematical and philosophical intuitionism), Pros and cons.
___. The Scientist's Intuitions. Chapter 3 in: Ibid.: 067-111, 45 pages.
  Kinds of intuition (A fable about method, Intuition as perception, Intuition as imagination, Intuition as reason, Intuition as valuation), A further look at some varieties of intellectual intuition (Intellectual intuition as a normal mode of thinking, Creative imagination, Catalytic inference, Phronesis), Intuition: an undependable embryo (Intuitions and their test, "Intuitive" versus "systematic," The role of intuition in science).
___. Conclusions. Chapter 4 in: Ibid.: 112-120, 9 pages.
  The word "intuition" should be used sparingly. The most should be made out of sensible and intellectual intuition by transcending their products in the light of theoretical knowledge. No intuition should be left untested and one's deep seated intuitions should be revised from time to time. A cool critical eye should be kept on philosophical intuitionism, the chief foe of reason and a variety of quackery.


Dreyfus, Hubert L., and Dreyfus, Stuart E. Mind Over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. New York: Free Press, 1986: 001-223, 223 pages (Q 335).
  Preface, Acknowledgments, Prologue: "The heart has its reasons that reason does not know," Five steps from novice to expert, Logic machines and their limits, Artificial intelligence: From high hopes to sober reality, Expert systems versus intuitive expertise, Computers in the classroom: Tools, tutors, and tutees, Managerial art and management science, Conclusion: People that (sic) think, Epilogue: Rational animals are obsolete.
___. Prologue. In: Ibid.: 001-015, 15 pages.
  The general public has the impression that AI is a solid, ongoing science, which, like physics, is hard at work solving its quite manageable current problems, while expert systems are its equally successful offspring. The myth of steady progress in AI and the usefulness and reliability of expert systems is maintained. This is a very one sided view of the situation. The real story needs to be told, and the authors of this book propose to do that.
___. Five Steps from Novice to Expert. Chapter 1 in: Ibid.: 016-051, 36 pages.
  Five stages of skill acquisition: 1) Novice, 2) Advanced beginner, 3) Competence, 4) Proficiency, 5) Expertise, Deliberative rationality, Beyond rationality, Four experiments and expertise. In the first four stages, the decision may be characterized as analytical. However when the expertise reaches stage 5, the decision character changes to intuitive. AI has and can contribute to the first four, but the fifth clearly lies beyond the reasonable expectations of AI based information processing.
___. Expert Systems Versus Intuitive Expertise. Chapter 4 in: Ibid.: 101-121, 21 pages.
  Expert systems and calculative rationality, A history of inflated claims, The exceptions that prove the rule, The proper use of competent machines. The most that can be expected is that expert systems may someday take their place alongside management information systems and professional training programs as useful tools for improving overall performance.
___. Managerial Art and Management Science. Chapter 6 in: Ibid.: 158-192, 35 pages.
  Deliberation in management, Learning business expertise, Limits of mathematical models (State and decision variables, Constraints, Equations, Criterion), Limits of the decision analysis alternative (Enumeration of possible decisions and chance events, Eliciting subjective probabilities, Eliciting decision maker's utilities), The place of automation, Mind over machine approaches. There are encouraging signs that computers are finally taking their proper place as aids to manager's intuitive minds.
___. People That (Sic) Think. Conclusion in: Ibid.: 193-201, 9 pages.
  We have seen that computers do indeed reason things out rather like inexperienced persons, but only with greater human experience comes know how - a far superior holistic, intuitive way of approaching problems that cannot be imitated by rule following computers. The assumption of calculative rationality implies that society can be improved by teaching children to think more analytically. This idea must be confronted and corrected!
___. Rational Animals are Obsolete. Epilogue in: Ibid.: 202-206, 5 pages.
  At all levels of society computer type rationality is winning out. Experts are an endangered species. If we fail to put logic machines in their proper place, as aids to human beings with expert intuition, then we shall end up servants supplying data to our competent machines. But now, while we still know what expert judgment is, let us use that expert judgment to preserve it.


Dreyfus, Hubert L. Mind Over Machine. Oakland, California: Thinking Allowed Productions, 1988: Video recording #S150, 30 minutes (Q 335).
  Human intuition and perception are basic and essential phenomena of consciousness. A such, they will never be replicated by computers. Hubert Dreyfus is an arch critic of the artificial intelligence establishment. He asserts that once we see that logic machines can't do what we thought we could do as rational animals, we'll see that we're obsolete as rational animals, and we'll appreciate wisdom and intuition a lot more than we do now.


Edelglass, Stephan; Maier, Georg; Gebert, Hans; and Davy, John. Two Smiles. Chapter 1 in: Matter and Mind: Imaginative Participation in Science. Hudson, New York: Lindisfarne Press, 1992: 011-020, 10 pages (Q 175).
  The scientific view, Inner experience and the outer environment. We can no longer afford to live with a nonsensical world picture that does not include human beings in their wholeness and richness. We need a science that can embrace the warmth of smiles as well as the muscular contractions which widen oral apertures, which can include the inwardness of all the kingdoms of nature, of human beings and of the universe as a whole.
___. Science Coming of Age. Chapter 5 in: Ibid.: 103-129, 27 pages.
  Mathematical physics - exercise for the development of sense free thinking, From nature to knowledge, Where does nature exist? The nature of the physical world, Biology as a science of life, Holism, Morality and choice in science. Detachment from phenomena has led to our mastery of the material world. We do not want to give up these fruits of science. But, just as surely, its price, alienation from the phenomenal world and meaninglessness of life, is unacceptable.


Fischbein, Efraim. Intuition in Science and Mathematics: An Educational Approach. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1987: 001-214, 214 pages (Q 175).
  Theory (Intuition and the need for certitude, Intuition and mathematical reasoning, Investigations in overconfidence, General characteristics of intuitive cognitions, Classification of intuitions, Inferential intuitions and logical reasoning), Factors which shape intuitions (Intuition and experience, Practicality of intuitive meanings, Factors of immediacy, Factors of globality, Intuition and intuitive models, Models and analogies, Paradigmatic models, Diagrammatic models, Phenomenological primitives, Conflicts and compromises, Factors of perseverance and closure, Summary and didactical implications).
___. Intuition and the Need for Certitude. Chapter 1 in: Ibid.: 003-014, 12 pages.
  Complexity of the domain (Variety of meanings, Related terms, Related areas of investigation, Contradictory domain of intuition), Need for certitude (Intuition and belief, History of mathematics, Crisis of certitude), Preliminary definition (Intuitive cognition is characterized by self evidence, extrapolativeness, coerciveness, and globality).
___. General Characteristics of Intuitive Cognitions. Chapter 4 in: Ibid.:0 43-056, 14 pages.
  Self evidence (Self consistent, Self justifiable, Self explanatory), Intrinsic certainty (Accepted as certain), Perseverance (Very robust), Coerciveness (Impose themselves as absolute), Theory status (Always a theory or mini theory), Extrapolativeness (Conclude with less information than needed), Globality (Synthetic as opposed to analytical), Implicitness (Expression of tacit processes).
___. The Classification of Intuitions. Chapter 5 in: Ibid.: 057-071, 15 pages.
  Piaget's classification (Empirical, Operational (Geometrical, Discrete objects, Pictorial), Classification based on roles played by different types of intuitions in relation to other cognitive activity (Affimatory, Conjectural, Anticipatory, Conclusive), Classification based on origins (Primary from everyday experience, Secondary through some educational intervention).
___. Summary and Didactical Implications. Chapter 1 8 in: Ibid.: 200-214, 15 pages.
  Characteristics, Classifications, Intuitions and models, Intuitive mechanisms, Conflicts and compromises, Didactical implications (Develop intuitive interpretations as far as possible, together with formal structures of logical reasoning), Concluding remarks (Dialectic contradiction: intuitive incentives are needed to think productively while mathematical reasoning should be purified of extra logical arguments.).


Harman, Willis. A Re-Examination of the Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science: Why is It Necessary? Chapter 1 in: New Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. Edited by Willis Harman and Jane Clark. Sausalito, California: Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1994: 001-013, 13 pages (Q 175).
  Among the metaphysical assumptions of modern science are objectivism, positivism, and reductionism. They amount to the premise that the basic stuff of the universe is "fundamental particles" which implies an assumption of separateness. If instead we assume that everything is connected, science can be extended to include an interest in the "inner" ways of knowing through consciousness and intuition. The readings in this book address what science might look like based on an assumption of wholeness rather than separateness.
___. Toward a Science of Wholeness. Chapter 15 in: Ibid.: 375-395, 21 pages.
  Toward a more holistic science; Relationship to the primordial tradition; Characteristics of wholeness science; Combining separateness and wholeness; Dealing with the anomalies; The concept of the self; Dialectical evolution; Further characteristics of a wholeness science; Further implications; Mind over matter and the mind body problem; Implications for society; The time is ripe; Assumptions, corollaries, and characteristics of two sciences: A Comparison. In wholeness science reality is contacted in two ways: through physical sense data and through a deep intuitive knowing.


Jahn, Robert G., and Dunne, Brenda J. The Spiritual Substance of Science. Chapter 8 in: Ibid.: 157-177, 21 pages.
  Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research, Conceptual model, The wave mechanics of consciousness, Quantum metaphors, Complementarity, Science and spirituality. It is not unreasonable to hope that the primordial consciousness that has brilliantly conceived a science of the objective and fully experienced the spiritual dimensions of the subjective can now fully integrate these complementary perspectives into a super science of the whole where the human spirit stands as full partner with its cosmos in the establishment of reality.


Kuhn, Thomas S. The Priority of Paradigms. Chapter 5 in: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd edition, enlarged ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970: 043-051, 9 pages (Q 175).
  Historical investigation of a given speciality discloses a set of recurrent and quasi standard theories. By studying them, the members of a scientific community learn their trade. However the shared paradigms are not the shared rules of the scientific community. These are the explicit or implicit elements that have been abstracted from the paradigms and deployed as rules in research.
___. Postscript-1969. In: Ibid.: 174-210, 37 pages.
  Paradigms and community structure, Paradigms as the constellation of group commitments, Paradigms as shared examples, Tacit knowledge and intuition, Exemplars, incommensurability, and revolutions, Revolutions and relativism, The nature of science.


Laszlo, Ervin. The Systems View of Man. Chapter 3 in: The Systems View of the World. New York: George Braziller, 1972: 079-120, 42 pages (Q 295).
  The cosmic setting, The phenomenon of man, Values and culture, The norms of contemporary humanism. Consciousness represents the self monitoring capacities of the human nervous system. Coupled with subjectivity as sensitivity to the environment, human consciousness emancipated man from the confines of his sensory reality and placed him within a world he himself created.


Memmi, Daniel. Connectionism and Artificial Intelligence as Cognitive Models. AI & Society. April 1, 1990; 4 (2): 115-136, 22 pages (Q 334).
  Connectionism and AI derive from the same common core of ideas in the 1940s birth of computer science. AI and connectionism are systematically compared to bring out the advantages and shortcomings of each. The differentiation between symbolic (AI) and neural network (connectionism) representations of cognitive processes is crucial to the understanding.


Penrose, Roger. Can a Computer Have a Mind? Chapter 1 in: The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 003-029, 27 pages (Q 335).
  The question of whether a mechanical device can think is not a new one, but it has been given new urgency with the rapid advances of computer technology. So this chapter outlines the issues raised in its title: Introduction, The Turing test, Artificial intelligence, An AI approach to 'pleasure' and 'pain', Strong AI and Searle's Chinese room, and Hardware and software.
___. Real Brains and Model Brains. Chapter 9 in: Ibid.: 374-404, 31 pages.
  Inside our heads is a magnificent structure that controls our actions and somehow evokes an awareness of the world around us: What are brains actually like?, Where is the seat of consciousness?, Split brain experiments, Blindsight, Information processing in the visual cortex, How do nerve signals work?, Computer models, Brain plasticity, Parallel computers and the 'oneness' of consciousness, Is there a role for quantum mechanics in brain activity?, and Beyond quantum theory?
___. Where Lies the Physics of Mind? Chapter 10 in: Ibid.: 405-449, 45 pages.
  The case is made that there is an essential non algorithmic ingredient to conscious thought processes: What are minds for?, What does consciousness actually do?, The non algorithmic nature of mathematical insight, Inspiration, and originality, Non verbality of thought, Animal consciousness, Contact with Plato's world, A view of physical reality, Determinism and strong determinism, The anthropic principle, Tilings and quasicrystals, Possible relevance to brain plasticity, The time delays of consciousness, The strange role of time in conscious perception, and Conclusion: a child's view.


Polanyi, Michael. Articulation. Chapter 5 in Part 2 The Tacit Component in: Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post Critical Philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958: 069-131, 63 pages (Q 175).
  Introduction, Inarticulate intelligence, Operational principles of language, Powers of articulate thought, Thought and speech - text and meaning, Forms of tacit assent, Thought and speech - conceptual decisions, Educated mind, Re-interpretation of language, Understanding logical operations, Introduction to problem solving, Mathematical heuristics.


Prigogine, Ilya, and Stengers, Isabelle. The Challenge to Science. Introduction in: Order out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature. New York: Bantam Books, 1984: 001-023, 23 pages (Q 175).
  This books deals with the conceptual transformation of science from the Golden Age of classical science to the present. The authors concentrate on problems at the intermediate, macroscopic level. However scientific evolution proceeds on all levels in parallel. At every scale, self organization, complexity, and time play a new and unexpected role. There appears very clearly the search for a junction between stillness and motion (dancing Shiva), time arrested and time passing.
___. From Earth to Heaven - The Reenchantment of Nature. Conclusion in: Ibid.: 291-313, 23 pages.
  An open science, Time and times, The entropy barrier, The evolutionary paradigm, Actors and spectators, A whirlwind in a turbulent nature, Beyond tautology, The creative course of time, The human condition, The renewal of nature. That individual activity is not doomed to failure represents one consequence of these ideas. But the price we must pay is loss of the security of the stable, permanent rules of classical science.


Rose, Frank. The Black Knight of AI. Science '85. March, 1985; 6 (2): 046-051, 6 pages (Q 1).
  Hubert Dreyfus claims that the way people are misled about artificial intelligence is by scientists who say pretty soon computers will be smarter then we are. But he maintains that computers will never be able to think because scientists will never come up with a suitable rigorous set of rules to describe how we think. To many computer scientists, this is like saying the Earth is flat. But so far, none of them have been able to prove him wrong. Dreyfus makes the case for intuition: perception and understanding aren't just a matter of following rules.


Salk, Jonas. Mind. Section 4 in: Anatomy of Reality: Merging of Intuition and Reason. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983: 077-099, 23 pages (Q 175).
  Emergence of mind, Intuition and reason, Unitary vision, Values - individual and society, The evolutionary path, Our sensory system, Influences on mind, Metabiological health. The evolution of consciousness depends upon the evolution of intuition and reason. A new way of thinking is needed to deal with present reality, which is sensed more sensitively through intuition than by our capacity to reason objectively. The intuitive and reasoning realms operate separately and together. It is necessary to educate and to cultivate each separately and both together.


Scown, Susan J. The Techniques of Artificial Intelligence. Chapter 3 in: The Artificial Intelligence Experience: An Introduction. Maynard, Massachusetts: Digital Equipment Corporation, 1985: 051-075 , 25 pages (Q 335).
  Unconventional problem solving methods (Symbolic versus conventional processing, Storing knowledge, Prototypes), Developing the AI system (Knowledge representation, Rules, State representations, Predicate calculus, Frames, Scripts, Networks, Conceptual dependencies), Other techniques used in AI systems, Choosing a language.


Sheldrake, Rupert. The Presence of the Past: Morphic Resonance and the Habits of Nature. New York: Times Books, 1988: 001-326, 326 pages (Q 175).
  Eternity and evolution, Changeless laws, permanent energy, From human progress to universal evolution, Nature of material forms, Mystery of morphogenesis, Morphogenetic fields, Fields, matter, and morphic resonance, Biological inheritance, Animal memory, Morphic resonance in human learning, Remembering and forgetting, Minds, brains, and memories, Morphic fields of animal societies, Fields of human societies and cultures, Myths, rituals, and the influence of tradition, Evolution of life, Formative causation in cosmic evolution, Creativity within a living world.
___. Morphogenetic Fields. Chapter 6 in: Ibid.: 097-114, 18 pages.
  Fields of different kinds, Morphogenetic fields, Nature of morphogenetic fields, Hypothesis of formative causation, Influence through space and time, Morphic fields, Fields of information, Appearance of new fields. The nature of fields is inevitably mysterious. They are more fundamental than matter. Matter is explained in terms of energy within fields. How can we explain them?
___. Minds, Brains, and Memories. Chapter 12 in: Ibid.: 210-222, 13 pages.
  Materialism versus dualism, Programs of the brain, Brains and memories, Brain damage and the loss of memory, Electrical evocation of memories, Tuning into other people. Human software cannot be reduced to the interactions of the electrons, atoms, and molecules that make up the material structures. These goal directed programs are in fact like morphic fields.
___. Formative Causation in Cosmic Evolution. Chapter 17 in: Ibid.: 296-307, 12 pages.
  Evolution of fields of physics, Evolution of morphic fields, Universal self resonance, The implicate order, What if morphic resonance is not detectable? The mechanistic world view presupposed by the neo Darwinian theory of life has been superseded by a great revolution in cosmology. The cosmos now seems more like a developing organism than an eternal machine. All of nature seems to be evolutionary.
___. Creativity Within a Living World. Chapter 18 in: Ibid.: 308-324, 17 pages.
  Mystery of creativity, How evolution brings nature back to life, fields, souls, and magic, Creative morphic fields, Habit and creativity, Origin of new fields, Primal field of nature. Ways in which the creativity of the evolutionary process can be conceptualized are discussed. None of them can ultimately succeed in dispelling the mystery. Only mystical insight can take us beyond the limits of conceptual thought represented by the Tao, the eternal embrace of Shiva and Shakti, etc.


Shepherd, Linda Jean. The Emerging Voice of the Feminine. Chapter 2 in: Lifting the Veil: The Feminine Face of Science. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1993: 029-050, 22 pages (Q 130).
  The feminine underground, My emerging voice, Ways of knowing (Men's forms of intellectual development: Basic dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism subordinate, Full relativism) (Women's ways of knowing: Received knowledge, Subjective knowledge, Procedural knowledge, Constructed knowledge), Feminist voices. Before there can be a tension between the opposites that leads to transformation, there must first be an equal set of opposites.
___. Intuition: Another Way of Knowing. Chapter 9 in: Ibid.: 203-224, 22 pages.
  Intuition as a psychological type, Courting intuition, Intuition embodied, Creativity, Intuition as a frontier of science. When we deny our intuition, we deny out sense of relatedness to others, to nature, and to our inner selves. While scientific knowledge often stays abstract and theoretical, through intuition we can experience the wholeness of nature and learn to live with it in harmony.


Simon, Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press, 1969: 001-118, 118 pages (Q 175).
  Understanding the natural and the artificial worlds, The psychology of thinking: embedding artifice in nature, The science of design: creating the artificial, The architecture of complexity. "Artificial" denotes systems that have a given form and behavior because they adapt to their environment in reference to goals or purposes.


Simon, Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artificial. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1981: 001-230, 230 pages (Q 175).
  Preface, Understanding the natural and the artificial worlds, Economic rationality, Psychology of thinking, Remember and learning, Science of design, Social planning, Architecture of complexity.
___. Understanding the Natural and the Artificial Worlds. Chapter 1 in: Ibid.: 003-029, 27 pages.
  The artificial, Environment as mold (Artifact as 'interface,' Functional explanation, Functional description, Limits of adaptation), Understanding by simulating (Techniques, As source of knowledge, Of poorly understood systems), Computer as artifact (As abstract objects, As empirical objects, And thought), Symbol systems (Basic capabilities, Intelligence as computation, Economics).
___. The Psychology of Thinking: Embedding Artifice in Nature. Chapter 3 in: Ibid.: 063-098, 36 pages.
  Psychology as science of the artificial (Search strategies, Limits of performance), Limits on speed of concept attainment, Parameters of memory - five seconds per chunk, Parameters of memory - seven chunks, or is it two? Organization of memory (Stimulus chunking, Visual memory), Processing natural language (Semantics in language processing), Conclusion.
___. Remembering and Learning: Memory as Environment for Thought. Chapter 4 in: Ibid.: 101-127, 27 pages.
  Semantically rich domains (Long term memory), Intuition (Explained rather simply - most intuitive leaps are acts of recognition, How much information? Memory for processes), Understanding and representation (Program that understands, Understanding physics, Size and simplicity), Learning (With understanding, Production systems, From examples), Discovery processes (problem solving without a goal, Rediscovering classic physics), Conclusion.
___. The Science of Design: Creating the Artificial. Chapter 5 in: Ibid.: 129-159, 31 pages.
  Logic of design: fixed alternatives (Paradoxes of imperative logic, Reduction to declarative logic, Computing the optimum, Finding satisfactory actions), Logic of design: finding alternatives (Means ends analysis, Logic of search), Design as resource allocation (Example, Schemes for guiding search), Shape of design: hierarchy (Generator test cycle, Process as determinant of style), Representation of design (Problem solving as change, Spatial, Taxonomy), Summary, Role of design in the life of the mind.


Sperry, Roger. Holding Course Amid Shifting Paradigms. Chapter 5 in: New Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. Edited by Willis Harman and Jane Clark. Sausalito, California: Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1994: 097-121, 25 pages (Q 175).
  Dependence upon special interpretation, Modified form of causal determinism, The turning point, Mind merged with matter, Background assumptions, An already powerful paradigm made stronger. The author believes the current wave of paradigm shifts in science is not likely to lead to revisions that would encompass the existence of conscious experience in a disembodied state. The new cosmology, embracing emergent causation, makes possible the derivation of transcendent moral guidelines from the worldview of mainstream science.


Yukawa, Hideki. On Ways of Thinking. Part II in: Creativity and Intuition: A Physicist Looks at East and West. Translated by John Bester. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1973: 049-099, 51 pages (Q 175).
  East and west, The oriental approach, Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu, The happy fish, The invisible mold, Mo Tzu, Epicurus, The tale of Genji, The freshness of mellow ideas. I have felt the most affinity for the aged, mellow ideas of ancient China since my sixteenth birthday. At the same time, those ideas also seem to me now to be extraodinarily modern.
___. On Creativity and Originality. Part III in: Ibid.: 100-142, 43 pages.
  Intuition and abstraction in scientific thinking, Creative thinking in science, Creativity (Manifestations of creativity, Breaking fixed ideas, Drawing out latent ability, Geniuses appear in batches, The situation today, Failure and creativity, Tenacity and thinking, Custom and creativity, Validity of logic, Analogy, Lack of metaphysics, Identification, Manifestation of the life force).


Zajonc, Arthur. New Wine in What Kind of Wineskins? Metaphysics in the Twenty-First Century. Chapter 13 in: New Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. Edited by Willis Harman and Jane Clark. Sausalito, California: Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1994: 321-343, 23 pages (Q 175).
  From atomism to entanglement (Non locality, Entanglement, Toward a modern conception of time) The end of the modern era (From image to archetype, An evolutionary perspective, Technological implications). The act of attending is a powerful factor in human development. In attending a realignment or growth takes place in the observer. The insights into the universal that may ensue are sublime moments, "eureka" experiences treasured by every discoverer.

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